Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is a critical aspect for the conservation of historical buildings, which are often subject to natural deterioration and damage due to age and exposure to environmental factors. The thesis focuses on the use of ambient vibrations, a non-destructive method, for SHM monitoring in historical buildings. Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) plays a crucial role in vibration-based SHM monitoring in historical buildings, providing a non-destructive and cost-effective method to monitor the dynamic behaviour and structural integrity of historical buildings over time. By identifying changes in natural frequencies and modal shapes, OMA can help detect and monitor any damage or deterioration in historical buildings, providing critical information for the maintenance and conservation of these important cultural heritage sites. Among the tools used for SHM monitoring of historical buildings, accelerometers are the undisputed protagonists for their reliability and sensitivity, especially at high frequencies. This allows them to be used with absolute certainty to evaluate the conditions of residual stiffness through accurate identification of structural damage, especially after seismic events. Furthermore, it is important to emphasize that during an earthquake swarm, the assessment of ambient vibrations can serve as a valuable tool in gauging the extent of structural damage. Changes in the frequency, amplitude, or spatial distribution of ambient vibrations can indicate the accumulation of damage or stress within a building or infrastructure. This information can be crucial for assessing the safety and stability of structures and making informed decisions regarding necessary repairs, retrofitting, or evacuation measures. On the other hand, although their initial use was mainly in geotechnical and geophysical fields, velocimeters, or seismograph, represent a speedy and effective solution for evaluating the level of damage or residual stiffness of structures. However, the use of velocimeters has some limitations, such as the need for accurate synchronization between different instruments when used in pairs, the need for a wide time window to acquire reliable data, and the need for accurate setting of acquisition parameters given the different intrinsic frequency range and sensitivity in the velocity sensors. Therefore, the doctoral dissertation aims to explore the use of velocity sensors as a rapid control tool for historical and monumental buildings subject to ambient vibrations. The research objective would be to verify if it is possible to use a single velocity sensor in extreme emergency conditions, compared to multiple synchronized velocity sensors in post-emergency conditions, to evaluate the level of damage or residual stiffness of the structures. The experimental methodology involves the installation of a single tromograph, consisting of triaxial velocimeters, in a historical building subject to ambient vibrations to evaluate the structural response in emergency conditions. Furthermore, a comparison is made with the use of multiple synchronized velocity sensors in normal conditions to evaluate the effectiveness of rapid control. This results in a huge data acquisition campaign lasting three years, inside four buildings, three located in Venice and one in Sicily. The analysis of the collected data allows the evaluation of classical engineering parameters in dynamics, such as the natural frequency, accelerograms, modal shapes, dissipation coefficient, and vibration trend, to evaluate the level of damage or residual stiffness of the structures, through a comparison with a detailed structural inspection of each building's actual condition.
Il monitoraggio strutturale (SHM) è un aspetto critico per la conservazione di edifici storici, spesso soggetti a deterioramento e danni naturali dovuti all'età e all'esposizione a fattori ambientali. La tesi si concentra sull'uso delle vibrazioni ambientali, un metodo non distruttivo, per il monitoraggio SHM in edifici storici. L'Analisi Modale Operativa (OMA) gioca un ruolo cruciale nel monitoraggio vibrazionale SHM in edifici storici fornendo un metodo per l’appunto non distruttivo ed economico per monitorare il comportamento dinamico e l'integrità strutturale degli edifici storici nel tempo. Identificando i cambiamenti nelle frequenze naturali e nelle forme modali, l'OMA può aiutare a rilevare e monitorare eventuali danni o deterioramenti negli edifici storici, fornendo informazioni critiche per la manutenzione e la conservazione di questi importanti patrimoni culturali. Tra gli strumenti utilizzati per il monitoraggio strutturale degli edifici storici, gli accelerometri sono protagonisti indiscussi per la loro affidabilità e sensibilità, specialmente alle alte frequenze. Ciò permette di poter impiegarli con assoluta certezza per valutare le condizioni di rigidezza residua attraverso l’identificazione accurata del danno strutturale, specialmente post eventi di natura sismica. Inoltre, è importante sottolineare che durante uno sciame sismico, la valutazione delle vibrazioni ambientali può servire come strumento prezioso per misurare l'entità del danno strutturale. I cambiamenti nella frequenza, nell'ampiezza o nella distribuzione spaziale delle vibrazioni ambientali possono indicare l'accumulo di danni o sollecitazioni all'interno di un edificio o di un'infrastruttura. Queste informazioni possono essere fondamentali per valutare la sicurezza e la stabilità delle strutture e per prendere decisioni opportune in merito alle riparazioni, agli interventi di adeguamento o alle misure di evacuazione necessarie. D’altro canto, seppur il loro iniziale impiego verteva su campi di prettamente di tipo geotecnico e geofisico, i velocimetri, o sismografi, rappresentano una soluzione speditiva ed efficace per la valutazione del livello di danno o della rigidezza residua delle strutture. Tuttavia, l'utilizzo dei velocimetri, nella fattispecie quelli sprovvisti di cablaggio, ha alcune limitazioni, come la necessità di una sincronizzazione accurata tra i diversi strumenti qualora vengono usati in coppia e la necessità di una finestra temporale ampia per acquisire dati affidabili, nonché un settaggio accurato dei parametri di acquisizione dato dal diverso range di frequenze e sensibilità intrinseco nei velocimetri di cui è costituito. La tesi di dottorato quindi si pone l’obiettivo di esplorare l'utilizzo dei tromografi, ovvero velocimetri triassiali, come strumento di controllo speditivo per le costruzioni storiche e monumentali soggette a vibrazioni ambientali. L'obiettivo della ricerca sarebbe di verificare se sia possibile utilizzare un solo velocimetro in condizioni estreme di emergenza, rispetto a più velocimetri in sincrono in condizioni post emergenza, per valutare il livello di danno o la rigidezza residua delle strutture. La metodologia sperimentale prevede l'installazione di un solo tromografo in una costruzione storica soggetta a vibrazioni ambientali, al fine di valutare la risposta strutturale in condizioni di emergenza. Inoltre, viene effettuata una comparazione con l'utilizzo di più velocimetri in sincrono in condizioni normali, per valutare l'efficacia del controllo speditivo. Da ciò ne deriva una massiccia campagna dati perdurata durante l’arco del triennio, all’interno di quattro edifici, di cui tre collocati a Venezia e uno in Sicilia.
A strategy of Ambient Vibration Testing for rapid Structural Identification applied to Heritage / Imposa, Giacomo. - (2023 Nov 10). [10.25432/imposa-giacomo_phd2023-11-10]
A strategy of Ambient Vibration Testing for rapid Structural Identification applied to Heritage
IMPOSA, GIACOMO
2023-11-10
Abstract
Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is a critical aspect for the conservation of historical buildings, which are often subject to natural deterioration and damage due to age and exposure to environmental factors. The thesis focuses on the use of ambient vibrations, a non-destructive method, for SHM monitoring in historical buildings. Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) plays a crucial role in vibration-based SHM monitoring in historical buildings, providing a non-destructive and cost-effective method to monitor the dynamic behaviour and structural integrity of historical buildings over time. By identifying changes in natural frequencies and modal shapes, OMA can help detect and monitor any damage or deterioration in historical buildings, providing critical information for the maintenance and conservation of these important cultural heritage sites. Among the tools used for SHM monitoring of historical buildings, accelerometers are the undisputed protagonists for their reliability and sensitivity, especially at high frequencies. This allows them to be used with absolute certainty to evaluate the conditions of residual stiffness through accurate identification of structural damage, especially after seismic events. Furthermore, it is important to emphasize that during an earthquake swarm, the assessment of ambient vibrations can serve as a valuable tool in gauging the extent of structural damage. Changes in the frequency, amplitude, or spatial distribution of ambient vibrations can indicate the accumulation of damage or stress within a building or infrastructure. This information can be crucial for assessing the safety and stability of structures and making informed decisions regarding necessary repairs, retrofitting, or evacuation measures. On the other hand, although their initial use was mainly in geotechnical and geophysical fields, velocimeters, or seismograph, represent a speedy and effective solution for evaluating the level of damage or residual stiffness of structures. However, the use of velocimeters has some limitations, such as the need for accurate synchronization between different instruments when used in pairs, the need for a wide time window to acquire reliable data, and the need for accurate setting of acquisition parameters given the different intrinsic frequency range and sensitivity in the velocity sensors. Therefore, the doctoral dissertation aims to explore the use of velocity sensors as a rapid control tool for historical and monumental buildings subject to ambient vibrations. The research objective would be to verify if it is possible to use a single velocity sensor in extreme emergency conditions, compared to multiple synchronized velocity sensors in post-emergency conditions, to evaluate the level of damage or residual stiffness of the structures. The experimental methodology involves the installation of a single tromograph, consisting of triaxial velocimeters, in a historical building subject to ambient vibrations to evaluate the structural response in emergency conditions. Furthermore, a comparison is made with the use of multiple synchronized velocity sensors in normal conditions to evaluate the effectiveness of rapid control. This results in a huge data acquisition campaign lasting three years, inside four buildings, three located in Venice and one in Sicily. The analysis of the collected data allows the evaluation of classical engineering parameters in dynamics, such as the natural frequency, accelerograms, modal shapes, dissipation coefficient, and vibration trend, to evaluate the level of damage or residual stiffness of the structures, through a comparison with a detailed structural inspection of each building's actual condition.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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