Communications in public processes at the science to policy interface: A focus on communication flows in European Maritime Spatial Planning

Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) has been implemented in most European countries in accordance with the MSP Directive. However, complexities in planning and uncertainties regarding future impacts persist. While public engagement requirements have been met, significant variations exist across countries, revealing areas for improvement. Public engagement is widely recognised as a key driver of policy and service innovation, but its effectiveness depends on clear communication—a crucial factor in MSP due to its complexity and the necessity of co-design. Furthermore, ocean management operates at the science-policy interface, requiring effective knowledge exchange.This study aims to provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the communication flows underpinning national MSP plans derived from the MSP Directive. MSP Competent Authorities in Spain, England, and Finland were interviewed to examine communication processes across governance levels, research institutions, and stakeholders. The results of the semi-structured interviews describe how communications were managed in these countries, particularly regarding science-policy exchanges and official stakeholder engagement.The findings show a consistent use of meetings, governmental websites, and social media, with meetings being thepreferred method for discussing sensitive matters. Designers and communicators were usually subcontracted to deliver official presentations of the plans rather than being involved in the planning phases. The media were rarely engaged and mainly at the local level or when disseminating the approval of plans.By examining design-based aspects of science communication, this study seeks to enhance participatory processes and deepen understanding of its critical role in the sustainable management of natural resources and socio-economic assets.