Scientific Reference Model : defining standards, methodology and implementation of serious 3D models in Archaeology, Art and Architectural History

In object-oriented historical research the need to combine hypotheses and textual arguments with the critical analysis based on sources – such as floor plans, sections, perspectives, and photographs – has considerably benefited from the developments in Digital Humanities (Münster, 2022). The use of digital 3D models has overcome many limitations inherent to two-dimensional records. Since the early 1990s hypothetical 3D reconstructions have therefore increasingly become routine research tools and essential means of representation capable of offering new methods of investigation, enabling new insights into the object-related research. In terms of a holistic approach to the analysis and case studies, i.e. the enhanced ability to examine and explore (Favro, 2012) serious challenges remain regarding documentation, interoperability and long-term access to 3D-based research outputs. In this context, numerous initiatives and research projects have emerged with the common objective of systematising and rationalising the various problems identified by scholars. Such projects still tend to remain isolated, lacking a significant impact on the community of potential users. 3D research outputs are not widely applicable, due to the complex prototypes of the software architecture, difficult to apply in a broad sense. Furthermore, the ‘old’ problems still exist, i.e. the traditional approaches - which do not consider a 3D model as a scholarly result, but only an investigative tool - and the reluctance to share these results and the associated procedures. Therefore, an attempt is being made to define the development and evaluation of an applicable methodology for the hypothetical 3D historical reconstruction, based on a shared theoretical approach. The working method presented here reflects many years of engagement with source-based hypothetical 3D reconstruction of no longer extant or unrealised architecture for teaching and research. Our focus is therefore on a low-threshold, application-oriented method of the Scientific Reference Model (SRM) as a documented and published basic model. The structured SRM represents an important working and knowledge state, which clarifies the essential information about the object, its components, its credibility or extent of hypothesis and copyright. Such SRM is made available for further research, edits and refinement, as well as further derivatives (special applications). Thus SRM represents a findable referential result of a scholarly investigation of a material object that physically no longer exists.